نگاهی به روانشناسی چهره در دانشنامه حکیم میسری؛ کهن ترین سند پزشکی جهان

The history of realizing a human being based on physiognomy goes back to five thousand years when Chinese were anticipated the events occurred to a person according to some indications in his/her face. Among Greek sags and philosopher;   Hippocrates, Aristotle, Plato, Galenus and Stoics have presented some theories about physiognomy. But Juhan Lavater, a Swiss Scientist, was the first person who studied physiognomy scientifically. In Islamic sciences, Qazali paid attention to this subject; therefore, he supposed the knowledge as having two branches. The first theoretical sciences which speak of the truth of objects and the second, transaction sciences which deal with human behavior. Avicenna, a Muslim sags, studied equilibrium in human organs and referred to a Muslim prophet’s speech. Farabi presented a connection of the opinions of Aristotle and Plato and wrote about their common features. Javadi Amoli a sectarian scholar paid attention to the holy Qura’n. American and European scientists paid attention to the apparent forms of skull in the west. They supposed the physical body structure as the cause of bodily behaviors and presented human characteristics through this means. Lombrezo, an Italian physician and criminologist, considered criminal behaviors as the result of genetic foundations. To realize human based on physiognomy, Yung divided individuals to the external and internal; psychologically stable and unstable. Sigodamk Ulif, a French psychologist of 19th century divided human face to the faces which are similar to the moon, tree, light and iron. He contended that his division was based on mental and digestive factors. But Hakim Meisari was the first Iranian scholar who paid attention to the physiognomy. In his poetical book, Meisari considered individual’s organs, foundation of face and conditions of health as psychological and behavioral features and discussed them. This writing deals with the above-mentioned factors.